in a material that holds groundwater, porosity

must be below groundwater table In the case of groundwater, that material is the ground. 2. lowers water table a) the hardness of bedrock along the coast c) dunes formed by wind b) the crust is thicker c) a longshore current d) marine terraces b) contamination moves opposite to the direction of groundwater flow "empty") spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. Usually. This is referred to as secondary porosity, to distinguish it from the intergranular, or primary, porosity. d) water is pulled by gravity of the moon holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or . Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping d) meanders, which of the following settings contains the least amount of water? b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific water goes to reduce pressure. d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, d) bacteria that break down hydrogen sulfide, which of the following environments would likely have clasts smaller than sand? e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? a) s strong current a) mid-ocean ridges c) rock vanish b) quaternary d) all of the above perfectly sorted) are the most porous (Figure 14a). a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes The amount of water a material can hold is directly related to the porosity since water will try and fill the empty spaces in a material. e) weather it is a permanent or ephemeral stream, d) the velocity and turbulence of the current, which of the following features are generally not associated with mountain streams and rivers? Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. b) have different types of geological hazards d)islands in the southwestern Pacific ocean d) all of the above d) smaller and more angular groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table Most of the water on Earth is found- in oceans Porosity- how much water soil can HOLD High porosity- materials that are well-sorted and round Low Porosity- Materials that are mixed and regular Permeability- how easily water can flow or pass through rock or soil Lowest permeability rock- Shale, silt, clay Aquifer- rock that contains groundwater . a) industry a) mineral deposits relate to granites d) mars, What causes a water molecule to be polar? At the scale of laboratory investigations, careful attention to the conditions of the porous sample is required. Groundwater Basin The underground area from which groundwater drains. e) all of these, Loaning of atoms reflects what type of bonding? 37. e) none of these, Which of the following would not be considered a volcanic hazard? effects of excess pumping of fresh water wells in coastal area, well could start yielding useless salt water, lowering of the water table around a pumping well a) normal 2. forms cone of depression c) a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object 2. septic tanks d) volcanic activity releases Co2 and water vapor that can cause atmospheric warming d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged Water contained under the ground's surface, located in the spaces between soil particles and in the cracks of sand, gravel, and rock; a natural resource and source of water for drinking, irrigation, recreation, and industry. c) limestone d) a and b only b) magnetism creates limitation on future water supply, reduce use of water by all sectors and encourage recycling of water, the unsaturated zone above the water table, the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area e) all of the above are involved, what is the ultimate source of food for animals living around deep-sea hydrothermal vents? b) a change in grain size b) determines the compostion of the cement between grains and clasts b) drilling holes into the seafloor from ships View document [Tip: hold and click a link to open it in a new tab. c) convergent C Ideally, sample structure, the degree of compaction, particle packing, and density would be representative of field conditions, which is referred to as an undisturbed sample. A contaminant enters the ground water, it flows along with the water and disperses within the water and forms this down gradient (downstream) of the point of entry. c) hardness Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). a) the Colorado river The movement of seawater into freshwater aquifers, which can lead to contamination of drinking water sources and other consequences. e) radioactive decay, which of the following is not a common trigger for slope failure? d) all of the above d) the presence of offshore islands and and bars It fills the pores and fractures in underground materials such as sand, gravel, and other rock, much the same way that water fills a sponge. b) 5 mill Porosity can be referred to or considered as the ability of the water to penetrate through the pores contained inside a rock, and the . 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow c) a piece of California started moving northward up the west coast a) scoria cone 27 febrero, 2023 . d. number of formula units in 2.99gNaClO2.99 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{NaClO}2.99gNaClO The porosity of rocks may be increased by processes that occur after the rocks have formed. The porosity is also lower if the sediment is poorly sorted, because small grains can occupy the spaces between larger grains (Figure 14b). d) V-shaped valleys a) transport of the clast over long distance e) a and b only, which environments is least likely to deposit sand e) all of the above are source of material in soil, e) all of the above are source of material in soil, what is the main force involved in the stability of slopes? Groundwater . d) all of these which of the following best following best explains what a contour line is? An estimated 77 billion gallons per day of fresh groundwater was pumped in the United States in 1995, which is about 8 percent of the estimated 1 trillion gallons per day of natural recharge to the Nation's groundwater resources. b) a great variety of rock types as clasts For most rocks, porosity varies from less than 1% to 40%. The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. a) calm waters in a lagoon a) clockwise in the northern hemisphere . d) prettiness, a mineral property that can be observed without using a test is: a) two plates are colliding Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 6. e) asbestos, which of the following largely determines an atoms atomic weight ? a) mid-ocean ridges d) cool air rising from the equator and flowing east and west d) flooding The Open University is incorporated by Royal Charter (RC 000391), an exempt charity in England & Wales and a charity registered in Scotland (SC 038302). b) stresses are pushing inward all directions by the same amount The area or zone where groundwater emerges from the aquifer. d) Transform e) shallow, clear waters off Iceland, which of the following can we understand by studying sedimentary rocks? b) the distribution of hard and soft rocks In some permeable materials groundwater may move several metres in a day; in other places, it moves only . d.Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. When such zones are penetrated by wells, the water rises above the point at which it was first found because a confined aquifer is under pressure exceeding that of atmospheric pressure. d) the surface area decrease as the rock is fractured In a material that holds groundwater porosity a. a) sunlight and photosynthesis In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with well-connected pores (e.g., sandstones) and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. a) smaller and rounder as they are transported a) rain drops from via the process of evaporation Another type of secondary porosity is solution porosity, which develops where part of a rock has been dissolved, leaving open spaces (Figure 14e). a.The sample in Figure 14a has a fairly uniform grain size, so is geologically well-sorted, whereas samples in Figures 14b and c have a range of grain sizes. a) the tendency of the continents on a spinning globe to be thrown outward d) the rock cooled slowly a) an oil seep c) the # of electrons in the outer shell a) dissolution B. b.For consolidated shale and sandstone sediments, the larger the grain size, the higher the porosity. c) the lava flow breaks apart as it flows Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the ground that we walk on? Water in the saturated groundwater system moves slowly and may eventually discharge into streams, lakes, and oceans. Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . b) perched It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. b) lakes b) magnetism can hold water. c) a change in the supply of sediment c) compacted clay The water content in the soil at saturation is equal to the percent porosity . d) for the sun to decay its size by 50 percent, c) for half of the parent atoms to decay into daughter atoms, which of the following is not a way in which fossils can be preserved? Drag each planet into its proper position in the Solar System from top, closest to the Sun, to bottom, farthest. permanent - can stop it but not undo it, 1. pesticides and herbicides 3. landfills It is also possible that, when saturating the sample, some connected pores that are dead-ends will be included in the measurement and some will not (Figure 9). a) as small clay minerals that are deposited in lakes and the sea The volume of water needed to saturate the sample is then divided by the sample volume to determine the effective porosity (Equation 6). c) uplift and unloading of pressure X+YZ. b) bigger and rounder as they are transported a) trees are cleared for small farms so that people can live off the land The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. e) none of these, Cali has 2 types of plate boundaries associated with its geology they are ? Weve pioneered distance learning for over 50 years, bringing university to you wherever you are so you can fit study around your life. excess pumping Which of the following is NOT true about the unsaturated zone? 5. collapses pore space and c) canyons incised into bedrock Our solutions are written by Chegg experts so you can be assured of the highest quality! c) demobilization of chemical constituents into light and dark bands a) mid-ocean ridge e) a and b only, The Earth's magnetic field is generated by: d) composite volcano, which of the following processes is not considered to be chemical weathering? d. HCl\mathrm{HCl}HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4\mathrm{CCl}_4CCl4. D. all of the above Which of the following is true about how a lake can relate to the water table? What kind of boundary is most likely to have volcanoes and earthquakes associated with it c) the Caribbean a. number of atoms in 25.7gAl25.7 \mathrm{~g} \mathrm{Al}25.7gAl For example, water flowing through a porous sandstone flows more slowly than water flowing through a granite or limestone when the porosity is provided by just one or two narrow fissures. 1999-2023. e) all the above, which of the following does not affect the potential hazards of a shoreline ? The stream in this scenario is the location with the lowest hydraulic potential, so the groundwater that flows to the lower parts of the aquifer has to flow upward to reach this location. The Loeb-Sourirajan RO membrane was developed for seawater desalination using the Preferential Sorption-Capillary Flow (PS-CF) model, and apertures are essential in order to pass . b) fills b) volcanic eruption Soil texture can also affect soil porosity There are three main soil textures: sand, silt, and clay. b) steep slops b) the rock cooled quickly A confining layer is a layer of low permeability geologic material that restricts the flow of water to or from the aquifer. 3. drains rivers and swamps and existing wells The actual speed of groundwater flow (v) is given by: where n is the porosity of the rock. d) uncompacted clay Two important factors help determine how good an aquifer is: Uploaded on Oct 30, 2014 Dorian Phelps + Follow water water table confined aquifers saturated zone lowered water table c.Given similar degrees of sorting, how does porosity vary with the roundness of the grains? c) does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift c) dunes formed by wind CAS . The cement in consolidated sedimentary rocks occupies what would otherwise be spaces between the grains, so a cemented sandstone, for example, will be less porous than a loose sand with grains of similar size. More specifically porosity of a rock is a measure of its ability to hold a . b) near the poles Which of the following materials has low porosity and low permeability. e) all of the above, Which of the following resources do geologic ages help us explore? 6. attract more contaminants b) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change d) dikes, coarsely crystalline igneous textures indicate that: b) cooling and contraction Porosity determines the amount of water that a rock or sediment can contain. A. Troposphere, decreases, increases B. However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. c) contamination introduced into the ground does not move e) lithosphere is thinner and hotter, rocks moving from a source area become: d) a gradual change in the climate e) all types can generate earthquakes, What type of seismic wave can pass through liquid? b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles b) scattered stone (dropstones) in fine grained sediment Tens to thousands of cubic meters of earth materials are often sampled during field-scale tests. c) nuclear energy from the heated uranium-rich rocks a) atmosphere a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1). d) continental shelf, which parts of the seafloor have the youngest oceanic crust? c) hardness d) strike-slip Porosity is the percentage of void space in a rock. b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, e) all of the above are reasons why rain forests are disappearing, where do most deserts and arid lands occur: c) width of the beach Unconsolidated sediments with rounded grains of uniform size (i.e. a) Hawaii d) all of the above, Which of the following is evidence that Earth's history is not short? a) to observe the changes in the fossil record which of the following best explains what a contour line is? An aquifer is a large body of permeable material where groundwater is present and fills all pore space. Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments (Table 1). b) clockwise in the southern hemisphere Which of the following is NOT true about the water table? c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). b) water within the pan flows in a circular path Sediments decrease in porosity as the angularity of the grains increases because the grains can pack more closely together, the bumps of some grains fitting into indentations in others (Figure 14c). c) growth of new minerals d) piece of wood a) all rocks were originally deposited horizontally Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. c) piling of sediment down the front of a dune or ripple Most simply, the aquifer's porosity and permeability (defined above) are variables that govern its hydraulic conductivity and storativity. a) Convergent usually hidden (more arid (hot) deeper, region between ground surface and water table water percolates straight down - pull of gravity, zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water d) joints that form when rock pressures are released B. . For example, a 10 cm3 cube (10 milliliter (ml) total volume) of sandstone is placed in a beaker filled with 100 ml of water such that the volume reading on the beaker is 110 ml. d) water cannot erode unless it is carrying sediment Heavy metal contamination of ground water: The Surulere case study. e) both b an c, what is the main cause of high and low tides? a) quartzite Anyone can learn for free on OpenLearn, but signing-up will give you access to your personal learning profile and record of achievements that you earn while you study. b) linear island chain Leaks of contaminated flowback water Poor Management, Which of the following statements about groundwater is FALSE? with a depth of 1 m, and a surface area of 1 m 2) contains 0.150 m 3 of water (e.g. Material with angular-shaped edges has more open space and can hold more water. d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, which of the following is not a way a glaicer moves downhill? Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. which type of map or diagram would best indicate would best elevation of the land surface? the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. a) scratched and polished bedrock Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. C. This dissolution widens cracks into caves or caverns. Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. If the rocks have low porosity and permeability, the radius of influence will be larger. b) climate and vegetation c) the sediment becomes more poorly sorted The volume of water that fills the void spaces is assumed to represent the volume available to flowing groundwater, VI. e) none of the above, c) most groundwater forms when water on the surface infiltrates into the ground, which of the following materials probably has the lowest porosity? a) rock avalanche e) a wide range in the size of clasts, which of the following places would not be a good place to visit a reef? In central Oklahoma, the Garber-Wellington aquifer can provide groundwater at rates averaging between 150-250 gallons per . c) commercial lodging for typical hardwoods, such as mahogany c) mid-ocean ridge b) quartz rich sandstone 38. After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . So, for a given specific discharge, a low porosity gives a much higher speed of flow; this is because the same amount of flow has to go through a much smaller porous area. a) stills ground level above the potentiometric surface This process is continued until the sample is fully saturated (as determined by a film of water appearing on the top of the sample). Porosity (how well rock material holds water) is also affected by the shape of rock particles. c) how close the river is to the ocean However, whether that groundwater is able to flow in significant quantities depends on the permeability. a)the magnetic properties of oxygen e) rock fall, what is the main reason why the oceans are salty? b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? e) both a and b, b) the atmosphere rotating faster at the equator than at the poles, surface ocean currents circulate in ocean basins: Just create an account and sign in. b) steep slopes characteristics found in all good aquifers. Porosity is the amount of free space within a material. c) a lake can gain water if it is lower then the water table in areas adjacent to the lake e) all of the above are evidence left behind by glaciers, c) changes in the isotopic composition of marine shells, which of the following does not physically loosen rocks on the surface? c) were first discovered on the island of Compostia in Italy This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. 2. extract groundwater and treat it and the soil - not efficient or productive b) 100 meters Calculate the following. e) change their mineralogy, a) smaller and rounder as they are transported, When a plate boundary changes its orientation, it can change from: b) thermal expansion d) in a subduction zone or accretionary prism, sudden movement of a fault can cause a tsunami when: b) very smooth topography as a result of the sedimentary cover Lowers water table/ a) because the temp of the oceans decreases from cold glacial streams Even so, the packing arrangement will differ, and thus laboratory measurements using recompacted samples provide only approximations of the field effective porosity values. e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, e) all of the above are common triggers for slope failure, which of the following slope failures is least likely to cause casualties? c) Jurrasic c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. c) confined The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. 4. bringing contamination into previously uncontained wells, well ( from below the water table) (Hide tip)]. d) heating occurs in deserts of the American Southwest during summer time d) granite a) bouncing sand grains along the surface The program translates a letter (uppercase or lowercase) to a digit and leaves all other characters intact. The permittivity develops the electric field, whereas the permeability develops the magnetic field. Access modules, Certificates, and Short Courses. d) seawater is drawn into a mid ocean ridge, which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? The definition of hydraulic conductivity (usually denoted "K" in hydrology formulas) is the rate at which water moves through material. a) mid ocean ridge d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers b) the magnetic properties of hydrogen c) deposition and burial a) the depth to which wave action extends d) all of the above Interconnected void space allows groundwater to move into and out of porous material. These pores are isolated from the active groundwater system, thus do not contribute to exchange of groundwater storage or transmission of groundwater. a) the amount of precipitation on land In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. e) all of the above, Tornado Alley is a region in the U.S. comprising: It prevents most groundwater from circulating. The ability of the ground water to pass through the pore spaces in the rock is described as the rock's permeability. pore spaces in the unsaturated zone contain air with no water, there is an unsaturated zone below some rivers. Want to achieve your ambition? b) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans c) P waves b) coarse granite b) surface waves a) limestone 36. What does porosity and permeability mean? c) dolostone 4. land subsidence Permeability takes this pore space and connects the voids together so that water can pass through. a) fractured granite These asymmetric membranes showed that high flux is largely due to their exceptional thinness and porosity (Feria-Daz et al., 2021; Loeb and Sourirajan, 1962). c) cement c) 1 meter However, there are volcanic rocks that contain gas bubbles and some of these have high porosities. not lake, mountains, streams. e) none of these, d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows, The most dangerous type of volcano is a: Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. a) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs porosity - the amount of empty space in a rock or other earth substance; this empty space is known as pore space. the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold: D. . a) the # of neutrons a) abrasion is concentrated on the upstream side of obstructions Pore spaces may be formed due to the movement of roots, worms, and insects; expanding gases trapped within these spaces by groundwater; and/or the dissolution of the soil parent material. Dead-end pores are only likely to impact the magnitude of the effective porosity when their volume makes up a significant portion of the sample. d) oversteepening of cliffs or hillslopes during road construction b) a pyroclastic flow c) thrust Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow Copyright 2020 by The Authors. c) unfractured granite Saint Helens c) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity Permeability is a physical property of. c) warm air flowing around the equator due to the Earth's rotation b) to one or more theories that help explain observed changes d) all the above, deformation and metamorphism is part of? c) it ends up as sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches There are many ways to test porosity in a . e) all of the above help define layers. c) ice and snow that are permanently in motion b) a depth equal to three times the wavelength of waves b) Gaines Table 2 provides an example of the ranges of values of total porosity and effective porosity for a variety of materials. b) abyssal plain c) abundant magma formed within a typical mid ocean ridge d circulation directions are not systematic d) petroleum c) beach along and ocean or lake when groundwater is extracted (overpumping) and the grains are compacted to fill the empty space The porosity of rocks describes the rocks' capacity to hold water. a) ductile behavior b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation Why is it important to know about porosity and permeability? a) contamination moves up the slope of groundwater a) mostly sand c) dark porous lava flows b) a change in the strength of the current d) compression that buckles the crust forming the ridge Types of Aquifers 3. Groundwater moves very slowly through relatively impermeable materials such as clay and shale. The effective porosity can then be computed using Equation 6 as 2 cm3/10 cm3 = 0.20. From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity?

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